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Cells and Temperature

Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37 ℃; a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperature. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into "warm blooded" and "cold blooded" species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or adesert iguana -- each cold-blooded -- usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homeotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilotherms. But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.

全文翻譯：細(xì)胞與溫度

細(xì)胞只能在一定的溫度范圍內(nèi)存活，而進(jìn)一步保證它們有效工作的溫度范圍就更小了。哺乳動物和鳥類的酶系統(tǒng)只能在 37℃左右的很小范圍內(nèi)才能有效工作。 與此相差僅幾度的 溫度都會大大削弱它們的工作效率。盡管溫度變化更大時細(xì)胞仍能存活，但機(jī)體系統(tǒng)的整 體運(yùn)行能力卻被削弱了。 其它動物對體溫的變化有更強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性。 幾個世紀(jì)以來，人們就認(rèn)識到哺乳動物和鳥類調(diào)節(jié)體溫的方式與其它動物不同。 隨著時間的推移，人們對這種差異的描述越來越精確和有意義，但是"暖血動物"和"冷血動物"這一古老的分類方式至今仍在 大眾詞匯中有所反映。 暖血動物包括哺乳動物和鳥類，其它動物統(tǒng)統(tǒng)被視為冷血動物。 但 是對更多物種進(jìn)行的研究表明這種分類顯然是不適當(dāng)?shù)摹?美洲一種小型蜥蜴和沙漠鬣蜥同屬冷血動物，但實(shí)際上它們的體溫通常只比人類的體溫低 1～2 度，因此并不是真正的冷血。 因此又出現(xiàn)了恒溫動物(即保持恒定體溫的動物)和變溫動物(即體溫隨外界環(huán)境的變化而改 變的動物)這一區(qū)分方式。 但這種分類也不恰當(dāng)。因?yàn)橛胁簧俨溉閯游镌诙�眠期間會改變 體溫，而許多生活在深海的無脊椎動物在寒冷的深海水域中體溫并不變化，而是恒定的。