① a developing country, a developed country; boiling water, boiled water
現在分詞一般具有主動、進行的特點,而過去分詞一般則具有被動、完成的特點。a developing country=a country which is developing (發展中國家 );boiled water=water which has been boiled;a developed country=a country which has developed(發達國家)。但有一種特殊情況,過去分詞有時也表示主動、完成,如a developed country=a country which has developed,a sunken ship=a ship which has sunken。
② building materials, a swimming pool
動名詞作定語時,表示所修飾名詞的功能:building materials=materials that are used to build houses;a swimming pool=a pool that is used to swim
The manager came over and asked the customer how the quarrel had come about.
(how the quarrel had come about作ask的賓語,使用陳述句語序)
What引導名詞性從句,在從句中作主語或者賓語,that引導名詞性從句,在從句中不充當成分。
Energy is what makes things work.(what在從句中作主語,如將what換為that,則從句缺主語)
下邊給分析幾個同學們認為比較難的句子:
1. Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition.
為了強調句子某一部分,或為了保持句子平衡,避免頭重腳輕,英語常采用倒裝方法。倒裝可分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。該句使用了完全倒裝。正常語序是The picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition is emerging from the 1980 census.
2. This, ministers believe, is the best way to accelerate the corporate restructuring begun in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997, and to clear the way for more sustainable economic growth.
句子主干是this is the best way,是系表結構,兩個不定式結構to accelerate …和to clear the way…是兩個并列的不定式短語作way的定語。begun in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997是過去分詞作定語,修飾restructuring,可以將其改為定語從句:the corporate restructuring that was begun in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997。這里begin用作及物動詞。
3. When invited for a second interview, go prepared by using your notes and feedback from the interview to zero in on what the company wants.
主句是祈使句,prepared作go的補語,zero in on向……集中火力(或注意力),對準。to zero in on是不定式作目的狀語。
4. For example, we know that the statement commonly accepted when the first edition of this book was printed, that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea, is not true.
第一個that引導賓語從句,作know的賓語,該賓語從句的主干是the statement is not true;句中過去分詞accepted作定語,修飾the statement;第二個that引導同位語從句,解釋說明statement的內容。
5. Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than today's semiconductor devices.
這是一個倒裝句。句子的主干是:Among the advantages are that…主語是以that引導的三個并列句:they are smaller, they do…heat和they allow…information,謂語動詞是are, among…conventional semiconductor chips是表語。that future…conventional semiconductor chips是advantages的定語從句。介詞over是advantages所要求的。as much heat是與conventional semiconductor chips比較而言的。allow for意為“可以供……之用”。making…devices修飾主語中的第三個句子,與前面兩個無關。該句的翻譯可采用兩種方法:are前面的部分用逆序法,后面的部分用順序法。譯文:未來生物芯片,或者說“活的電腦”與傳統集成電路相比的優點在于,它們體積更小,產生的熱量更少,能夠同時處理并行信息,這些特點使它比當前的半導體裝置速度更快。