1. While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development。
本句中包含一個While引導的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,formal learning是主語,謂語是is transmitted,過去分詞selected作teachers的后置定語,是不定式to perform this role作selected的目的狀語;主句中,informal learning是主語,謂語是is acquired,介詞短語as a natural part of a child's development作acquired的結果狀語。
2. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is。
該句可拆分為三大部分;(White it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, ) (it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable,) (although competition is. ),第一部分是While引導的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句,第三部分是although引導的讓步狀語從句;第一部分的主語是山指代后面的that從句,實際上,While it is true that已形成固定結構,參見知識鏈接,that從句的主語是this competition,謂語是may induce,賓語是efforts,不定式to expand territory作efforts的后置定語,at the expense of others作expand的狀語;and之后的lead to是謂語,與前面的induce并列,conflict是賓語;主句中的主語是it,指代后面的that從句,該從句的主語是conflict,謂語動詞是is,表語是inevitable,復合形容詞war-like作conflict的定語,among other nations作conflict的后置定語;第三部分although從句的主語是competition,謂語是is,表語是inevitable,承前省略了。該句的第二部分,即主句運用了被動語態,在翻譯時要譯為漢語的主動語態,這是常用的一條原則,因為英文多被動,漢語多主動。
3. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case。
該句可拆分為兩部分:(While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed,) (this need not always be the case. ),第一部分是While引導的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,it是形式主語,指代后面的that從句,While it is true that已形成固定結構,參見知識鏈接,that從句主語是the Internet,謂語是seems,不定式to be。作表語,介詞短語over the less developed作favoring的狀語;主句比較簡單,主語是this,指代從句內容,謂語是need not always be,表語是the case。
4.There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,however lucky and robust we are。
該句分為兩部分:(There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, ) (however lucky and robust we are。),第一部分是主句,第二部分是however引導的讓步狀語從句;主句中on...alive是介詞短語,作limit的后置定語,how引導的從句是介詞on的賓語,該從句的主語是we,謂語是can hope to remain,表語是alive;讓步狀語從句的主語是we,謂語是are,表語是lucky and robust。這句話翻譯時也要將從句提前,然后再譯主句。
參考譯文:不管我們多么幸運,多么健壯,我們所希望的長壽年齡實際上是有限度的。
5. While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon。
該句可拆分為兩部分:(While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization,) (its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. ),第一部分是以While引導的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,主語是the roots,謂語是lie in,of social psychology是roots的后置定語,the intellectual...western civilization是介詞in的賓語,of the whole western civilization是soil 的后置定語;主句的主語是its present flowering,其中的its指代前面的roots,謂語是is recognized,不定式to be...an American phenomenon作主語flowering的補足語。
2001年英譯漢試題: 75. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
詞的處理:
home appliance 家用電器;result in 導致;psychological disorder 心理混亂;kitchen rage 廚房狂躁癥
完整譯文:家用電器將會變得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它們會引發一種新的心理疾病-廚房狂躁癥。
2004年英譯漢試題: 63. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
1998年英譯漢試題: 75. Odd though it sounds, cosmic infaltion is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【例1】 Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus. (全部否定)
【例2】 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates. (部分否定)
【譯文】并不是所有進入葉子的二氧化碳都化合為碳水化合物。
【分析】本句是部分否定句。英語中,有些句型,比如:all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等,都是表示部分否定,可以翻譯成"并不都......"。但是,需要注意no, none, neither, nor引導的是全部否定。例如:No two people think alike. (沒有兩個人的想法是一樣的。)
【例3】 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. (雙重否定)
【譯文】它的意義和重要性, 不管無論如何強調,都不算過分。
【分析】本句是雙重否定句。英語中,兩個表示否定意義的詞用在同一句話中,實際上整句話表肯定。此外,還有一些固定的句型,比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+動詞(無論怎么......也不過分......), only too...to (非常),cannot but(不會不,一定會)等表示肯定。比如:We are only too willing to do it for you. (我們非常愿意為你做這件事。)
【例4】Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. (形肯實否)
【譯文】我們最缺少時間,但偏偏許多人最不善于利用時間。
【例5】 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. (形否實肯)
【譯文】他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。
【例6】 Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. (否定轉移)
【譯文】不要因為時間緊張就敷衍塞責。
【分析】否定轉移是指形式上看起來是否定某個詞語或主句,但實際上是否定另外的詞語或從句。最常見的是"主語 + don't think + 從句 (否定從句)","not...because / because of...(否定because / because of )"等。對于否定轉移,翻譯時要把否定轉回原位。本句中,not否定的是because從句,所以翻譯時要把not還原到because從句上。
【例7】 As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in. (排除否定)
【分析】本句是排除否定。所謂排除否定,就是指該句中有一部分是否定,有一部分是肯定。通常地,會用一些介詞或連詞等來排除掉其所引導或連接的部分。常見的引導詞有:beyond (除了)、other than(除了)、except (除了)、nothing more than (僅僅)等。該句中是用beyond引導的排除否定,排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的雙重否定表肯定。