然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序一律不變。這時,就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”,再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定語從句就完成了,主句是問句,所以句末用問號。that/which代替的是原句中的賓語,原句變成了從句,它們仍然作從句的賓語。關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略,因此上句又可變成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”。
例如:This is the house where I was born and brought up. = I was born and brought up in the house. 在這兩個句子中,in the house是句子里的地點狀語,定語從句修飾的就是the house。把后面這一句變成定語從句。在將要被變成定語從句的句子中,in the house是地點狀語,所以用where來代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序來代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序一律不變。這時,就成了"where I was born and brought up"。再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.”,定語從句就完成了,主句是陳述句,所以句末用句號。Where代替的是原句中的狀語,原句變成了從句,它就作從句的狀語。
(1) The hotel is an artistic building. We'll stay in it.
……The hotel where we'll stay is an artistic building.
……The hotel (which/that) we'll stay in is an artistic building.
……The hotel in which we'll stay is an artistic building.
(2) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.
•定語從句
請大家照上面的例子,把下面變定語從句的步驟說出來(括號里的可以省略):
(3)They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.
→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.
→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.
→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.
那么,“介詞+關系代詞”是怎么回事呢?原來上面這個例句,還有一種做法:This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在這兩個句子中,the house是相同的,定語從句修飾的就是the house 。把后面這一句變成定語從句。在將要被變成定語從句的句子中,the house表示物而且是介詞in的賓語,所以用關系代詞which或that來代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序一律不變。這時,后面這一句就成了 “which/that I was born and brought up in”。再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”。定語從句就完成了,主句是陳述句,所以句末用句號。
which/that代替的是原句中的賓語,原句變成了從句,它們就作從句的賓語。關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略,因此上句又可變成“This is the house I was born and brought up in.”
但是,in可以提到關系代詞的前面,不過這時不能用that,而且不能省略。所以上句又可變為“This is the house in which I was born and brought up.”這就是“介詞+關系代詞”的來歷。
如:He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚。
(學地道的英語有兩個重要的練習方法:parallel writing, and reverse translation,即平行寫作和逆翻譯。所謂平行寫作,就是模仿英語的句子寫類似的句子。而逆翻譯就是先把英語譯成漢語,或根據漢語的譯文,再把漢語翻譯成英語,再把英語譯文同原文比較,分析差異。這兩種方法能避免漢語式英語。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚。
請把這句話逆翻譯。有的同學會翻譯為:He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 這句話錯在什么地方呢?錯在句法。這句話有兩個主謂結構,是兩個并列的分句,但沒有連詞(this 是代詞),這就成了串句。
再如:He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.