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Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. 大多數(shù)人將樂觀定義為永遠(yuǎn)快樂，總覺得杯子里的水還有一半。But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. 但積極心理學(xué)家并不提倡這種虛假的快樂。“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor.“健康的樂觀是與現(xiàn)實(shí)聯(lián)系在一起的，”哈佛大學(xué)教授泰·本-沙哈說道。According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.根據(jù)他的觀點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)實(shí)的樂觀主義者是去積極實(shí)現(xiàn)事情的圓滿，而不是坐等事情會自己圓滿。

Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. 本-沙哈提出了樂觀訓(xùn)練的三個階段。When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture---he grants himself permission to be human.當(dāng)他心情低落時——比如，一個糟糕的演講之后——他寬慰自己這是人之常情。He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner, some will be less effective than others. 他提醒自己不是每一次演講都要求諾貝爾標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有些演講的效果會不如其他。Next is reconstruction. 下一個階段是重塑。He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. 他會分析這次失敗的演講，哪些地方可取，哪些不可取，為將來的演講積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.最后一個階段是前瞻，我們要認(rèn)識到在生命的宏偉藍(lán)圖中，一次演講根本算不上什么。