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2016考研當前，考研英語閱讀的重要性不言而喻。每天一篇時文，保持閱讀的感覺，大家不要放棄哦!今天給大家推薦一篇“認知與學習”，希望既對你的閱讀有益，有對你的學習方法有所啟發!

To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example over simplifies. No child imitates every action he sees.Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must tum to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see. monkey do".

斷言孩子們通過模仿來學習。而教育的方式就是樹立好的榜樣，這是把問題過于簡單化了。沒有一個孩子是看到什么就模仿什么的。有時，他無視家長希望他效仿的榜樣，反而向其他榜樣學一些截然相反的方式。照此我們應當放棄“小猴看樣學樣”的觀點，轉而探索更深奧的理論。

Look at it from the child's point of view.Here he is in a new situation,lacking a ready response.He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends.If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do.he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

從孩子的立場來看看這個問題。他處于新情況下，沒有形成現成的反應。他尋找一個能夠實現一定目的的反應。如果他對這一新情況既沒有現成反應，又不能想出該怎么去做，他會選擇一個榜樣來觀察，這個榜樣看起來能獲得正確的結果，他會尋找一個能指導他如何去做的權威或專家。

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him.When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message. be is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus. the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

這種情況下還有一種因素在起作用。孩子們也許能夠立刻實現他們的直接目標，卻發現他的這種做法遭到其監護人的批評。當他隔著屋子大聲喊叫著傳話的時候，他被極力告誡叫嚷是不禮貌的，他應當走進隔壁房間，安靜地說。這樣一來，單純應付客觀情況的愿望就被恰當處理該情況的愿望壓倒。孩子們較早就知道的事情之一就是，當他的父母滿意他的反應時，他就會得到更多的關愛和表揚。后來進一步得知別的大人獎勵一些行為而批評另一些行為。如果一個人想要保持自尊和別人對他的支持，他就必須采取被其所處的社會團體認同的反應。

In finding trial responses. the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like. rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players;while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

在尋找可行的反應時，學習者不會隨便選擇模仿對象。他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，而避免模仿那些社會身份他自己并不認同的人。如果這個學生想成為一個卓越的小提琴手，他就會觀察并模仿一個出色琴手的技巧，而另外某個人則最可能影響他接近書籍。

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole. and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations. Imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

對一個人某一方面品質的崇拜常常使我從整體上崇拜這個人，于是他成了名人。我們把一些人當成各種情形下模仿的對象，模仿他們的一舉一動。我們知道他們是可靠、值得模仿的對象，因為模仿他們可以走向成功。

希望大家都能考試成功，金榜題名!